Connecting skills, firms and jobs for Africa’s future
The second and final day of AGORA 2026 shifted the conversation from the scale of Africa’s jobs challenge to explore how can skills, innovation, investment and evidence come together to create productive opportunities at scale.
That question connected discussions spanning entrepreneurship and private-sector-led training, agriculture and energy, the next generation of African economic researchers, and the policies and institutions needed to help workers and firms grow.
Michael Kremer, World Bank Group Chief Economist & Senior Vice-President for Development Economics, and 2019 Nobel Laureate in Economics, delivered the AGORA 26 Keynote presentation. He as introduced by Lorenzo Ortona, Deputy Coordinator of the Task Force for the Implementation of the Mattei Plan.
Norah Magero, Co-Founder and CEO of Drop Access, and Martin Raiser, World Bank Group Senior Representative for European Economic Cooperation, joined a fireside conversation on Private Sector Leadership in Africa’s Skills Revolution. The discussion turned the challenge of scale into something concrete as Magero described how her company developed a portable, solar-powered refrigerator to help transport and store temperature-sensitive medical products, an innovation rooted in the challenges she had seen in rural Kenya.
Better jobs will require more productive agriculture and reliable energy
The UpSkilling Agriculture brought together research, policy and private-sector perspectives to consider how digital innovation and stronger capabilities can contribute to more productive, inclusive and resilient agrifood systems.
In parallel, Powering Productive Economies through Mission 300 examined what must happen after electricity becomes available. The session brought government, research and private-sector perspectives together around how expanded access can translate into productive activity, enterprise growth and jobs.
Putting Africa’s next generation of researchers at the center
Six emerging African economists presented work spanning learning, agricultural productivity and the energy transition, linking analytical rigor to the realities of the communities and institutions research ultimately seeks to serve. It was an important expression of AGORA’s broader approach: expanding who produces the evidence used to address key challenges.
Jobs are not only about getting the first job
During Skills, Jobs, and the Path to Opportunity, David McKenzie, World Bank Group Director of the World Development Report 2027 and Lead Economist, presented ideas informing the upcoming World Development Report on jobs. A central insight was that employment outcomes can't be understood simply by counting how many people enter jobs. Getting someone into a formal job is only the first step. The challenge is also what comes next, and how firms, infrastructure, institutions and regulations help workers adjust, learn and move toward better opportunities over time.
Panels led by the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance spotlighted the initiatives that reflect Italy’s Mattei Plan vision to focus on continental integration and country-led transitions that attract investment, build resilience, and drive growth.
The final sessions turned toward what happens next
Looking Ahead with AGORA in Motion asked participants and partner institutions to identify priorities for the year ahead, including research gaps, data needs and areas for collaboration. The final session provided an opportunity for participants to surface key questions and identify debates worth carrying into the coming year.
Day 1 Highlights
The first day of AGORA 2026 brought policymakers, researchers and private sector leaders together in Palermo to explore a central question for Africa’s future: how can investments in skills translate into more productive firms, better jobs and economic opportunity at scale?
Across sessions, keynote presentations, and panel discussions, a common message emerged: skills cannot be developed in isolation from the economies in which people will use them. Education and training need to connect with productive firms, investment, infrastructure and opportunities.
Building skills alongside productive economies
Opening the conference, Paolo Angelini, Senior Deputy Governor of the Bank of Italy, emphasized the links among skills, infrastructure and technology.
Infrastructure and technology can create opportunities, but it is human capital that determines whether those opportunities translate into lasting productivity gains, quality jobs and economic growth.
-Paolo Angelini, Senior Deputy Governor of the Bank of Italy
That connection took center stage during the Mattei Lecture on the Africa Job Challenge, delivered by Dr. Monica Musenero Masanza, Uganda’s Minister of Energy and Mineral Development. She challenged participants to look beyond training programs alone. Africa’s jobs challenge, she said, must also be understood as a challenge of productive transformation. She argued that economic planning and human capital planning need to move together.
What comes first: skilled workers or productive firms?
That question carried directly into the opening panel on Closing the Skills Gap for Firms, which brought together perspectives from government, research, finance and the private sector.
The discussion highlighted apprenticeships and learning by doing, alongside stronger links between training, investment and emerging industries. Karim El Aynaoui, Executive President of the Policy Center for the New South, pointed to Morocco’s experience in automotive and aerospace, where government-supported training institutes operated by the private sector have helped develop workers for growing industries.
The panel also explored the implications of artificial intelligence (AI). Andrew Dabalen, World Bank Group Chief Economist for Africa, highlighted practical AI applications, or small AI, that can operate under constraints such as limited bandwidth and infrastructure, while stressing that widespread adoption will ultimately depend on foundational enablers including energy, data and skills.
Skills are also built at work
Nobel laureate David Card brought insights from decades of labor economics research during his keynote presentation on Skills, Jobs, and Labor Market Change. His presentation broadened the conversation beyond formal education to consider how skills are formed throughout people’s lives and careers.
David Card emphasized the importance of both cognitive and non-cognitive skills, early childhood development and learning on the job. He also drew attention to the demand side of the labor market: firms and the availability of productive jobs influence whether workers can use their skills, accumulate experience and move toward better opportunities.
The afternoon discussions brought the skills challenge into two sectors central to Africa’s economic transformation: energy and agrifood systems. In UpSkilling the Energy Sector, participants examined the workforce transformation required to support Africa’s energy transition, including investments under Mission 300.
A parallel session, AgriConnect and the Power of Aggregation, turned to the agrifood sector which looked at the role of producer organizations, cooperatives, aggregators and small and medium-sized enterprises in connecting farmers with markets, services, technology and finance.
The day closed with presentations from entrepreneurs who highlighted how innovation in education, agribusiness, and technology is already creating jobs and economic opportunity across Africa.
